Guilds All Had a Blood Connection to the Medici Family

Italian cyberbanking family unit and political dynasty

Medici
Noble House
Coat of arms of the House of Medici Blazon: Or, five balls in orle gules, in chief a larger ane of the arms of France (viz. Azure, 3 fleurs-de-lis or) was granted by Louis Xi in 1465.[1]
Country	Republic of Florence Grand Duchy of Tuscany Papal States Duchy of Urbino
Etymology	By Medico, Castellan of Potrone, considered the first ancestor of the house
Place of origin	Mugello, Tuscia (nowadays-mean solar day Tuscany)
Founded	1230; 792 years ago  (1230)
Founder	Giambuono de' Medici[ii]
Final ruler	Gian Gastone de' Medici
Final caput	Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
Titles	Pope (non-hereditary) One thousand Duke of Tuscany Duke of Florence Lord of Florence (informal) Knuckles of Urbino Duke of Nemours Prince of Ottajano Queen of France
Members	Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici Cosimo de' Medici Lorenzo de' Medici Pope Leo X Pope Clement Seven Pope Leo Xi Catherine de' Medici Cosimo I de' Medici Marie de' Medici
Connected families	Business firm of Orsini House of Habsburg House of Lorraine Business firm of Savoy House of Bourbon House of Valois House of La Tour d'Auveregne Business firm of Wittelsbach
Distinctions	Order of Saint Stephen
Traditions	Roman Catholicism
Motto	Festina lente [3] ("Hurry slowly")
Heirlooms	List Medici Bank (1397–1494) Thousand Ducal Crown of Tuscany Medici Vase Medici porcelain
Estate(due south)	Palazzo Vecchio Palazzo Pitti Palazzo Medici Riccardi Several villas in Tuscany
Dissolution	1743 (1743) (Original line)
Buck branches	14 cadet branches; however alive just ii: List De' Medici of Ottajano De' Medici Tornaquinci of Castellina

The House of Medici ( MED-i-chee,^[4] Italian: [ˈmɛːditʃi]) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the starting time half of the 15th century. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century, and it facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century.

The Medici produced iv popes of the Catholic Church—Pope Leo Ten (1513–1521), Pope Clement Vii (1523–1534), Pope Pius IV (1559–1565)^[5] and Pope Leo XI (1605)—and two queens of France—Catherine de' Medici (1547–1559) and Marie de' Medici (1600–1610).^[vi] In 1532, the family unit acquired the hereditary championship Duke of Florence. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the M Duchy of Tuscany after territorial expansion. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy from its inception until 1737, with the expiry of Gian Gastone de' Medici. The k duchy witnessed degrees of economic growth under the early grand dukes, merely was broke by the time of Cosimo 3 de' Medici (r. 1670–1723).

The Medicis' wealth and influence was initially derived from the material trade guided by the wool guild of Florence, the Arte della Lana. Similar other families ruling in Italian signorie , the Medici dominated their city's government, were able to bring Florence under their family unit's power, and created an surround in which art and humanism flourished. They and other families of Italian republic inspired the Italian Renaissance, such equally the Visconti and Sforza in Milan, the Este in Ferrara, the Borgia in Rome, and the Gonzaga in Mantua.

The Medici Bank, from when it was created in 1397 to its fall in 1494, was one of the most prosperous and respected institutions in Europe, and the Medici family was considered the wealthiest in Europe for a time. From this base, they acquired political power initially in Florence and later in wider Italian republic and Europe. They were among the earliest businesses to use the general ledger arrangement of accounting through the development of the double-entry bookkeeping organization for tracking credits and debits.

The Medici family have claimed to take funded the invention of the pianoforte and opera,^{[ citation needed ]} financed the structure of Saint Peter's Basilica and Santa Maria del Fiore, and were patrons of Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli, Galileo and Francesco Redi among many others in the arts and sciences. They were also protagonists of the counter-reformation, from the beginning of the reformation through the Council of Trent and the French wars of religion.

History [edit]

The Medici family came from the agricultural Mugello region^[7] north of Florence, and they are first mentioned in a certificate of 1230.^[eight] The origin of the name is uncertain. Medici is the plural of medico, pregnant "medical doctor".^[9] The dynasty began with the founding of the Medici Bank in Florence in 1397.

Rise to power [edit]

For almost of the 13th century, the leading cyberbanking heart in Italy was Siena. But in 1298, one of the leading banking families of Europe, the Bonsignoris, went bankrupt, and the metropolis of Siena lost its status every bit the banking centre of Italian republic to Florence.^[ten] Until the late 14th century, the leading family of Florence was the Business firm of Albizzi. In 1293, the Ordinances of Justice were enacted; finer, they became the constitution of the Commonwealth of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance.^[11] The urban center'due south numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded past townhouses built past the prospering merchant class.^[12]

The chief challengers to the Albizzi family unit were the Medici, first nether Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, later under his son Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici and corking-grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. The Medici controlled the Medici Banking company—then Europe'south largest bank—and an assortment of other enterprises in Florence and elsewhere. In 1433, the Albizzi managed to have Cosimo exiled.^[13] The side by side twelvemonth, notwithstanding, a pro-Medici Signoria (borough government) led by Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. The Medici became the city's leading family, a position they would concur for the next three centuries. Florence remained a republic until 1537, traditionally marking the end of the High Renaissance in Florence, but the instruments of republican regime were firmly under the control of the Medici and their allies, salvage during intervals later 1494 and 1527. Cosimo and Lorenzo rarely held official posts just were the unquestioned leaders.

The Medici family was connected to nearly other elite families of the time through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, so the family had a central position in the social network: several families had systematic access to the rest of the elite families simply through the Medici, peradventure similar to cyberbanking relationships. Some examples of these families include the Bardi, Altoviti, Ridolfi, Cavalcanti and the Tornabuoni. This has been suggested as a reason for the rise of the Medici family unit.^[14]

Members of the family unit rose to some prominence in the early on 14th century in the wool trade, particularly with France and Spain. Despite the presence of some Medici in the urban center's government institutions, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the Albizzi or the Strozzi. Ane Salvestro de' Medici was speaker of the woolmakers' guild during the Ciompi revolt of 1378–82, and one Antonio de' Medici was exiled from Florence in 1396.^[15] Involvement in another plot in 1400 caused all branches of the family to be banned from Florentine politics for twenty years, with the exception of 2.

15th century [edit]

Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (c. 1360–1429), son of Averardo de' Medici (1320–1363), increased the wealth of the family unit through his cosmos of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the metropolis of Florence. Although he never held any political office, he gained strong popular support for the family through his support for the introduction of a proportional arrangement of taxation. Giovanni'due south son Cosimo the Elder, Pater Patriae (begetter of the state), took over in 1434 as gran maestro (the unofficial head of the Florentine Commonwealth).^[xvi]

Cosimo Pater patriae, Uffizi Gallery, Florence

3 successive generations of the Medici—Cosimo, Piero, and Lorenzo—ruled over Florence through the greater role of the 15th century. They clearly dominated Florentine representative government without abolishing it altogether.^[17] These three members of the Medici family unit had great skills in the direction of and so "restive and independent a metropolis" as Florence. When Lorenzo died in 1492, withal, his son Piero proved quite incapable of responding successfully to challenges caused by the French invasion of Italy in 1492, and within ii years, he and his supporters were forced into exile and replaced with a republican authorities.^[17]

Piero de' Medici (1416–1469), Cosimo'due south son, was only in power for five years (1464–1469). He was called "Piero the Gouty" because of the gout that pained his foot and led to his death. Dissimilar his father, Piero had piffling interest in the arts. Due to his disease, he mostly stayed at home bedridden, and therefore did piddling to further the Medici control of Florence while in power. Every bit such, Medici rule stagnated until the next generation, when Piero's son Lorenzo took over.^[eighteen]

Lorenzo de' Medici (1449–1492), chosen "the Magnificent", was more capable of leading and ruling a city, but he neglected the family unit banking business, which led to its ultimate ruin. To ensure the constancy of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children'due south future careers for them. He groomed the headstrong Piero II to follow as his successor in civil leadership; Giovanni^[19] (hereafter Pope Leo X) was placed in the church at an early age; and his daughter Maddalena was provided with a sumptuous dowry to make a politically advantageous union to a son of Pope Innocent Eight that cemented the alliance between the Medici and the Roman branches of the Cybo and Altoviti families.^[20]

The Pazzi conspiracy of 1478 was an attempt to depose the Medici family by killing Lorenzo with his younger blood brother Giuliano during Easter services; the bump-off attempt ended with the death of Giuliano and an injured Lorenzo. The conspiracy involved the Pazzi and Salviati families, both rival banking families seeking to stop the influence of the Medici, as well as the priest presiding over the church services, the Archbishop of Pisa, and even Pope Sixtus 4 to a caste. The conspirators approached Sixtus Iv in the hopes of gaining his approval, equally he and the Medici had a long rivalry themselves, merely the pope gave no official sanction to the plan. Despite his refusal of official approving, the pope nonetheless allowed the plot to go along without interfering, and, after the failed bump-off of Lorenzo, also gave impunity for crimes done in the service of the church building. After this, Lorenzo adopted his brother'southward illegitimate son Giulio de' Medici (1478–1535), the future Pope Cloudless Vii. Lorenzo'due south son Piero Ii took over as the caput of Florence after Lorenzo's death. The Medici were expelled from Florence from 1494 to 1512 later on Piero acceded to all of the demands of invader Charles VIII of France.^[21]

The Medici additionally benefited from the discovery of vast deposits of alum in Tolfa in 1461. Alum is essential as a mordant in the dyeing of certain cloths and was used extensively in Florence, where the main industry was textile manufacturing. Before the Medici, the Turks were the only exporters of alum, so Europe was forced to buy from them until the discovery in Tolfa. Pius Ii granted the Medici family a monopoly on the mining in that location, making them the primary producers of alum in Europe.^[22]

In the unsafe circumstances in which our city is placed, the fourth dimension for deliberation is by. Action must be taken... I have decided, with your approval, to sail for Naples immediately, believing that as I am the person against whom the activities of our enemies are chiefly directed, I may, peradventure, by delivering myself into their hands, be the means of restoring peace to our fellow-citizens. As I have had more than honour and responsibility among you than whatsoever private citizen has had in our day, I am more leap than any other person to serve our country, even at the risk of my life. With this intention I now get. Possibly God wills that this war, which began in the claret of my brother and of myself, should exist ended by any ways. My desire is that past my life or my death, my misfortune or my prosperity, I may contribute to the welfare of our city... I become total of hope, praying to God to give me grace to perform what every citizen should at all times exist ready to perform for his land.

— Lorenzo de' Medici, 1479.^[23]

16th century [edit]

The exile of the Medici lasted until 1512, subsequently which the "senior" branch of the family—those descended from Cosimo the Elder—were able to rule until the assassination of Alessandro de' Medici, first Duke of Florence, in 1537. This century-long rule was interrupted simply on 2 occasions (between 1494–1512 and 1527–1530), when anti-Medici factions took control of Florence. Following the bump-off of Duke Alessandro, power passed to the "junior" Medici branch—those descended from Lorenzo the Elder, the youngest son of Giovanni di Bicci, starting with his bang-up-cracking-grandson Cosimo I "the Great."

Cosimo the Elder and his father started the Medici foundations in banking and manufacturing—including a form of franchises. The family'due south influence grew with its patronage of wealth, art, and culture. Ultimately, it reached its zenith in the papacy and continued to flourish for centuries later on every bit Dukes of Florence and Tuscany. At least half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed by the Medici and their foundational branches in business.

Medici popes [edit]

The Medici Nuptials Tapestry of 1589

The Medici became leaders of Christendom through their two famous 16th century popes, Leo 10 and Cloudless VII. Both also served as de facto political rulers of Rome, Florence, and big swaths of Italy known every bit the Papal States. They were generous patrons of the arts who deputed masterpieces such as Raphael'south Transfiguration and Michelangelo's The Last Judgment; however, their reigns coincided with troubles for the Vatican, including Martin Luther'due south Protestant Reformation and the infamous sack of Rome in 1527.

Leo Ten's fun-loving pontificate bankrupted Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts. From Leo's ballot as pope in 1513 to his decease in 1521, Florence was overseen, in turn, by Giuliano de' Medici, Knuckles of Nemours, Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Giulio de' Medici, the latter of whom became Pope Cloudless Seven.

Cloudless Seven'southward tumultuous pontificate was dominated by a rapid succession of political crises—many long in the making—that resulted in the sack of Rome by the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1527 and rise of the Salviati, Altoviti and Strozzi as the leading bankers of the Roman Curie. From the time of Cloudless's election as pope in 1523 until the sack of Rome, Florence was governed past the immature Ippolito de' Medici (futurity cardinal and vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church building), Alessandro de' Medici (future knuckles of Florence), and their guardians. In 1530, subsequently allying himself with Charles V, Pope Clement VII succeeded in securing the appointment of Charles V'south girl Margeret of Austria to his illegitimate nephew (reputedly his son) Alessandro de' Medici. Clement besides convinced Charles V to name Alessandro as Duke of Florence. Thus began the reign of Medici monarchs in Florence, which lasted ii centuries.

After securing Alessandro de' Medici's dukedom, Pope Cloudless Seven married off his first cousin, twice removed, Catherine de' Medici, to the son of Emperor Charles V's arch-enemy, Rex Francis I of French republic—the future King Henry II. This led to the transfer of Medici blood, through Catherine's daughters, to the royal family of Spain through Elisabeth of Valois, and the House of Lorraine through Claude of Valois.

In 1534, following a lengthy affliction, Pope Clement 7 died—and with him the stability of the Medici'due south "senior" co-operative. In 1535, Ippolito Central de' Medici died nether mysterious circumstances. In 1536, Alessandro de' Medici married Charles V's daughter, Margaret of Austria; however, the following twelvemonth he was assassinated by a resentful cousin, Lorenzino de' Medici. The deaths of Alessandro and Ippolito enabled the Medici'southward "inferior" branch to atomic number 82 Florence.

Medici Dukes [edit]

Another outstanding figure of the 16th-century Medici family was Cosimo I, who rose from relatively pocket-size beginnings in the Mugello to attain supremacy over the whole of Tuscany. Confronting the opposition of Catherine de' Medici, Paul Three and their allies, he prevailed in various battles to conquer Florence'southward hated rival Siena and found the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Cosimo purchased a portion of the isle of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. He died in 1574, succeeded past his eldest surviving son Francesco, whose death without male person heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, Ferdinando, in 1587. Francesco married Johanna of Austria, and with his consort produced Eleonora de' Medici, Duchess of Mantua, and Marie de' Medici, Queen of France and Navarre. Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs (bar the Napoleons) were descended from Francesco.

Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a route network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in Livorno.^[24] To augment the Tuscan silk manufacture, he oversaw the planting of mulberry copse along the major roads (silk worms feed on mulberry leaves).^[25] In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany abroad from Habsburg^[26] hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. The Castilian reaction was to construct a citadel on their portion of the isle of Elba.^[24] To strengthen the new Franco-Tuscan brotherhood, he married his niece, Marie, to Henry IV of French republic. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, simply subsequently reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister Margaret was the incumbent Queen consort). Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the New World with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions.

Despite all of these incentives for economical growth and prosperity, the population of Florence at the dawn of the 17th century was a mere 75,000, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples.^[27] Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax stardom betwixt Medici and Tuscan state property, are idea to have been wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty.^[28] The M Duke lonely had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and table salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.^[28]

17th century [edit]

Ferdinando, although no longer a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive conclaves. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected Pope Leo XI. He died the same calendar month, but his successor, Pope Paul V, was also pro-Medici.^[29] Ferdinando's pro-papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Tuscany was overrun with religious orders, not all of whom were obliged to pay taxes. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an flush realm; his inaction in international affairs, however, would have long-reaching consequences downwardly the line.

In France, Marie de' Medici was acting as regent for her son, Louis Thirteen. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. She lived the balance of her life deprived of any political influence.

Ferdinando'south successor, Cosimo Two, reigned for less than 12 years. He married Maria Maddalena of Austria, with whom he had his eight children, including Margherita de' Medici, Ferdinando Two de' Medici, and an Anna de' Medici. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to him.^[30] Cosimo died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1621.^[31]

Cosimo's elder son, Ferdinando, was not all the same of legal maturity to succeed him, thus Maria Maddalena and his grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted as regents. Their commonage regency is known equally the Turtici. Maria Maddelana's temperament was analogous to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the papacy, re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the heresy trial of Galileo Galilei to occur.^[32] Upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino (Francesco Maria 2), instead of challenge the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino'due south granddaughter and heiress, Vittoria della Rovere, they permitted information technology to be annexed by Pope Urban VIII. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject area from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later on overturned, only resurrected past Maria Maddalena's grandson, Cosimo 3.^[33] Harold Acton, an Anglo-Italian historian, ascribed the turn down of Tuscany to the Turtici regency.^[33]

Grand Knuckles Ferdinado was obsessed with new technology, and had a variety of hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Palazzo Pitti.^[34] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Thousand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, organized to attract scientists to Florence from all over Tuscany for mutual study.^[35]

Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a disharmonize) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Pope Urban Viii in 1643.^[36] The war effort was costly and the treasury so empty because of it that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for, the land could no longer afford to pay involvement on government bonds, with the result that the interest rate was lowered by 0.75%.^[37] At that time, the economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market place places.^[36]

Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 affected by apoplexy and dropsy. He was interred in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, the Medici's necropolis.^[38] At the time of his death, the population of the thousand duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in Pisa.^[39]

Ferdinando's marriage to Vittoria della Rovere produced two children: Cosimo Three de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. Upon Vittoria's decease in 1694, her allodial possessions, the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro, passed to her younger son.

18th century: the fall of the dynasty [edit]

Cosimo III, the Medicean m knuckles, in Grand Ducal regalia

Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the final of the Thousand Ducal line, in Minerva, Merkur und Plutus huldigen der Kurfürstin Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici (English language: Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici) after Antonio Bellucci, 1706

Cosimo III married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. An exceedingly discontented pairing, this union produced iii children, notably Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, and the terminal Medicean M Knuckles of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici.

Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, Anna Maria Luisa's spouse, successfully requisitioned the nobility Royal Highness for the Grand Duke and his family in 1691, despite the fact that they had no claim to whatever kingdom.^[xl] Cosimo oftentimes paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his nominal feudal overlord, exorbitant dues,^[41] and he sent munitions to the emperor during the Battle of Vienna.

The Medici lacked male heirs, and by 1705, the grand ducal treasury was nearly bankrupt. In comparison to the 17th century, the population of Florence declined by fifty%, and the population of the thou duchy as a whole declined by an estimated 40%.^[42] Cosimo desperately tried to attain a settlement with the European powers, only Tuscany's legal status was very complicated: the surface area of the m duchy formerly comprising the Democracy of Siena was technically a Spanish fief, while the territory of the onetime Republic of Florence was idea to be under imperial suzerainty. Upon the death of his beginning son, Cosimo contemplated restoring the Florentine commonwealth, either upon Anna Maria Luisa's death, or on his own, if he predeceased her. The restoration of the republic would entail resigning Siena to the Holy Roman Empire, only, regardless, information technology was vehemently endorsed by his authorities. Europe largely ignored Cosimo's program. Only Great Uk and the Dutch Democracy gave any credence to it, and the plan ultimately died with Cosimo III in 1723.^[43]

On 4 Apr 1718, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, France and the Dutch Republic (also after, Republic of austria) selected Don Carlos of Kingdom of spain, the elder kid of Elisabeth Farnese and Philip Five of Spain, equally the Tuscan heir. By 1722, the electress was not even acknowledged as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to spectator at the conferences for Tuscany'due south hereafter.^[44] On 25 October 1723, half dozen days earlier his death, Chiliad Duke Cosimo disseminated a final announcement commanding that Tuscany stay independent: Anna Maria Luisa would succeed uninhibited to Tuscany after Gian Gastone, and the 1000 duke reserved the right to cull his successor. Notwithstanding, these portions of his announcement were completely ignored, and he died a few days later.

Gian Gastone despised the electress for engineering his catastrophic marriage to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg; while she abhorred her brother'south liberal policies, he repealed all of his father'due south anti-Semitic statutes. Gian Gastone revelled in upsetting her.^[45] On 25 October 1731, a Castilian detachment occupied Florence on behalf of Don Carlos, who disembarked in Tuscany in Dec of the aforementioned twelvemonth. The Ruspanti, Gian Gastone's decrepit entourage, loathed the electress, and she them. Duchess Violante of Bavaria, Gian Gastone's sister-in-law, tried to withdraw the grand knuckles from the sphere of influence of the Ruspanti by organising banquets. His comport at the banquets was less than regal; he often vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched, and regaled those present with socially inappropriate jokes.^[46] Following a sprained ankle in 1731, he remained confined to his bed for the residuum of his life. The bed, often smelling of faeces, was occasionally cleaned past Violante.

In 1736, following the State of war of the Polish Succession, Don Carlos was disbarred from Tuscany, and Francis III of Lorraine was made heir in his stead.^[47] In Jan 1737, the Spanish troops withdrew from Tuscany, and were replaced by Austrians.

Gian Gastone died on nine July 1737, surrounded by prelates and his sister. Anna Maria Luisa was offered a nominal regency by the Prince de Craon until the new grand duke could peregrinate to Tuscany, but declined.^[48] Upon her brother'southward death, she received all the Firm of Medici's allodial possessions.

Anna Maria Luisa signed the Patto di Famiglia ("family unit pact") on 31 October 1737. In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and G Duke Francis of Lorraine, she willed all the personal property of the Medici to the Tuscan state, provided that naught was e'er removed from Florence.^[49]

The "Lorrainers", equally the occupying forces were chosen, were popularly loathed, just the regent, the Prince de Craon, allowed the electress to live unperturbed in the Palazzo Pitti. She occupied herself with financing and overseeing the structure of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, started in 1604 by Ferdinando I, at a cost to the state of i,000 crowns per week.^[50]

The electress donated much of her fortune to clemency: £four,000 a calendar month.^[51] On nineteen February 1743, she died, and the grand ducal line of the House of Medici died with her. The Florentines grieved her,^[52] and she was interred in the catacomb that she helped to complete, San Lorenzo.

The extinction of the chief Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown. The line of the Princes of Ottajano, an extant branch of the Business firm of Medici who were eligible to inherit the m duchy of Tuscany when the last male person of the senior branch died in 1737, could have carried on every bit Medici sovereigns merely for the intervention of Europe'south major powers, which allocated the sovereignty of Florence elsewhere.

As a result, the grand duchy expired and the territory became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. The first grand duke of the new dynasty, Francis I, was a great-keen-great-grandson of Francesco I de' Medici, thus he continued the Medicean Dynasty on the throne of Tuscany through the female line. The Habsburgs were deposed in favor of the Business firm of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 (themselves deposed in 1807), just were later restored at the Congress of Vienna. Tuscany became a province of the Britain of Italy in 1861. However, several extant branches of the Firm of Medici survive, including the Princes of Ottajano, the Medici Tornaquinci,^[53] and the Verona Medici Counts of Caprara and Gavardo.^[54] (meet Medici family tree)

Legacy [edit]

The greatest accomplishments of the Medici were in the sponsorship of art and compages, mainly early and Loftier Renaissance art and compages. The Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the major Florentine works of art created during their menses of rule. Their support was critical, since artists more often than not only began work on their projects after they had received commissions. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, the first patron of the arts in the family unit, aided Masaccio and commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, in 1419. Cosimo the Elderberry'southward notable creative associates were Donatello and Fra Angelico. In afterward years, the most significant protégé of the Medici family unit was Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), who produced work for a number of family unit members, beginning with Lorenzo the Magnificent, who was said to exist extremely fond of the young Michelangelo and invited him to report the family collection of antique sculpture.^[55] Lorenzo also served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) for seven years. Indeed, Lorenzo was an artist in his ain right and an author of verse and song; his support of the arts and letters is seen as a high point in Medici patronage.

Medici family members placed allegorically in the entourage of a king from the Iii Wise Men in the Tuscan countryside in a Benozzo Gozzoli fresco, c. 1459.

After Lorenzo'south death, the puritanical Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola rose to prominence, warning Florentines against excessive luxury. Under Savonarola'south fanatical leadership, many corking works were "voluntarily" destroyed in the Bonfire of the Vanities (February 7, 1497). The following year, on 23 May 1498, Savonarola and ii young supporters were burned at the stake in the Piazza della Signoria, the aforementioned location as his blaze. In addition to commissions for art and architecture, the Medici were prolific collectors and today their acquisitions form the core of the Uffizi museum in Florence. In compages, the Medici were responsible for some notable features of Florence, including the Uffizi Gallery, the Boboli Gardens, the Belvedere, the Medici Chapel and the Palazzo Medici.^[56]

Later, in Rome, the Medici popes continued in the family tradition of patronizing artists in Rome. Pope Leo X would importantly committee works from Raphael, whereas Pope Clement 7 commissioned Michelangelo to pigment the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel merely before the pontiff's death in 1534.^[57] Eleanor of Toledo, a princess of Espana and married woman of Cosimo I the Great, purchased the Pitti Palace from Buonaccorso Pitti in 1550. Cosimo in plough patronized Vasari, who erected the Uffizi Gallery in 1560 and founded the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno – ("Academy of the Arts of Drawing") in 1563.^[58] Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry 4 of France and mother of Louis XIII, is the discipline of a commissioned wheel of paintings known as the Marie de' Medici cycle, painted for the Grand duchy of luxembourg Palace by court painter Peter Paul Rubens in 1622–23.

Although none of the Medici themselves were scientists, the family is well known to have been the patrons of the famous Galileo Galilei, who tutored multiple generations of Medici children and was an of import figurehead for his patron's quest for power. Galileo'southward patronage was eventually abandoned past Ferdinando II, when the Inquisition defendant Galileo of heresy. However, the Medici family did afford the scientist a safe haven for many years. Galileo named the four largest moons of Jupiter after four Medici children he tutored, although the names Galileo used are not the names currently used.

Main genealogical tabular array [edit]

The table below shows the origins of the Medici:

Medici Family Tree: Origins

This extract shows the branch that gave rise to the celebrated branch of the Medici descending from Giovanni "di Bicci", who founded the Medici fortunes:

This is the branch of Cosimo'southward brother, Lorenzo, chosen the "Popolano" Branch, which gave rise to the Grand-Dukes of Tuscany:

Titles [edit]

Listing of heads of the Medici [edit]

Signore in the Republic of Florence [edit]

Portrait	Proper name	From	Until	Relationship with predecessor
	Cosimo de' Medici (Pater Patriae)	1434	1 August 1464	Son of Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici who was not equally prominently involved in Florentine politics, rather more involved in the financial expanse.
	Piero I de' Medici (Piero the Gouty)	1 August 1464	two December 1469	Eldest son of Cosimo de' Medici.
	Lorenzo I de' Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent)	two Dec 1469	9 Apr 1492	Eldest son of Piero I de' Medici.
	Piero II de' Medici (Piero the Unfortunate)	9 April 1492	8 Nov 1494	Eldest son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Overthrown when Charles Eight of France invaded equally a full democracy was restored, first under the theocracy of Girolamo Savonarola and then statesman Piero Soderini.
	Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici	31 August 1512	9 March 1513	Brother of Piero the Unfortunate, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Elected to the Papacy, becoming Pope Leo X.
	Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours	9 March 1513	17 March 1516	Brother of Central Giovanni de' Medici, 3rd son of Lorenzo the Magnificent.
	Lorenzo II de' Medici, Knuckles of Urbino	17 March 1516	4 May 1519	Nephew of Giuliano de' Medici, Knuckles of Nemours, son of Piero the Unfortunate. Male parent of Catherine de' Medici, Queen consort of France.
	Cardinal Giulio de' Medici	4 May 1519	xix Nov 1523	Cousin of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Knuckles of Urbino, son of Giuliano de' Medici who was the blood brother of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Elected to the Papacy, becoming Pope Clement Seven.
	Key Ippolito de' Medici	xix November 1523	24 October 1529	Cousin of Key Giulio de' Medici, illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici, Knuckles of Nemours.

Dukes of Florence [edit]

Portrait	Name	From	Until	Relationship with predecessor
	Alessandro il Moro	24 October 1529	6 January 1537	Cousin of Key Ippolito de' Medici, illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino or Pope Clement VII. Acting signore during purple Siege of Florence, made Knuckles in 1531.
	Cosimo I	six January 1537	21 Apr 1574	Distant cousin of Alessandro de' Medici, Son of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere. dei Popolani line descended from Lorenzo the Elder, Blood brother of Cosimo de' Medici; also great-grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent through his mother, Maria Salviati, and his grandmother, Lucrezia de' Medici. 1569, he was fabricated G Duke of Tuscany.

Grand Dukes of Tuscany [edit]

Portrait	Proper noun	From	Until	Human relationship with predecessor
	Cosimo I	vi January 1569	21 April 1574
	Francesco I	21 April 1574	17 October 1587	Eldest son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
	Ferdinando I	17 Oct 1587	17 February 1609	Brother of Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Yard Knuckles of Tuscany.
	Cosimo II	17 February 1609	28 February 1621	Eldest son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Knuckles of Tuscany.
	Ferdinando II	28 Feb 1621	23 May 1670	Eldest son of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
	Cosimo Three	23 May 1670	31 Oct 1723	Eldest son of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Knuckles of Tuscany.
	Gian Gastone	31 October 1723	ix July 1737	Second son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Chiliad Duke of Tuscany.

Coats of arms [edit]

The origin of the Medici coat of artillery is not recorded. One unproven story traces their beginnings to a knight of Charlemagne'due south, Averardo, who defeated a giant, Mugello. In reward, Charlemagne is said to have rewarded Averardo with the shield mauled by the behemothic, with the dents in the shape of balls, and the giant'south lands in Mugello.

Here seen sliced in half, an art historian suggests that whole claret oranges could be the imagery in the Medici coats of arms

Another unproven theory suggests that represented coins copied from the coat of arms of the Guild of Moneychangers (Arte del Cambio) to which the Medici belonged. That shield was scarlet strewn with Byzantine coins (bezants).^{[seventy] [71]} The number of assurance also varied with time, as shown below. Information technology has too been argued that these coins referenced the three coins or golden balls associated with St. Nicholas, particularly as the saint was invoked by Italian bankers as they took oaths.^[72]

Every bit an Italian vocabulary word, "medici" means "medical doctors" and identifications with the family members as physicians may be constitute among their names equally early as the eleventh century. Fanciful stories depict the images equally pills or cupping glasses, a tardily-medieval medical musical instrument used to describe claret. Pills did not exist until much latter and bloodletting was non in vogue at the time of the offset Medici coat of arms. Art historian Rocky Ruggiero suggests plausibly however, that the images may represent whole ripe blood oranges that typically are grown in Italy. Although knowledge of vitamins did not be at the fourth dimension, the benefit of oranges for certain diseases was recognized and their association with recommendations past medical doctors suggests to Dr. Ruggiero that this likely is the imagery intended in the coats of arms for the Medici family.^[73]

• 

  Old glaze of arms of the Medici used by Giovanni di Bicci and Cosimo the Elder

• 

  The intermediate coat of arms of the Medici, Or, vi balls in orle gules

• 

  The "augmented coat of arms of the Medici, Or, five balls in orle gules, in chief a larger one of the arms of France (viz. Azure, iii fleurs-de-lis or) was granted past Louis Eleven in 1465.^[1]

• 

  Groovy coat of arms of Medici of Ottajano

• 

  Augmented Arms of Medici

• 

  Coat of Artillery of the One thousand-Duke of Tuscany

• 

  Coat of arms of Medici popes

• 

  Coat of artillery of the Medici Cardinals

• 

  Glaze of Arms of Catherine of Medici, as Queen of French republic

• 

  Coat of Arms of Maria of Medici, as Queen of France

• 

  Accomplishment of the Firm of de' Medici

• 

  Glaze of Arms of the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany

See besides [edit]

• Medici family unit tree
• List of popes from the Medici family
• Strozzi family (surviving), Pazzi family unit (extinct) rivals of the Medici
• Castellini Baldissera family unit (relatives of the Medici)

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} John Woodward, A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry, 1894, p. 162
2. ^ Litta, Pompeo (1827). Famiglie celebri italiane. Medici di Firenze.
3. ^ Luisa Greco (22 May 2015). "Cosimo de Medici eastward fifty'amore per le tartarughe con la vela". Toctoc.
4. ^ "Medici". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
5. ^ The family of Pius 4, the Medici of Milan, considered itself a branch of the House of Medici and was recognized as such by the Florentine Pope Clement VII and by Cosimo I 'de Medici in the early 16th century. Historians have found no proof of an actual connexion between the Medici of Milan and the Medici of Florence, but this conventionalities was widespread during the life of Pius Four and the Medici of Florence allowed the Medici of Milan to use their coat of artillery.
6. ^ "Medici Family – – Encyclopædia Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 27 September 2009.
7. ^ Malaguzzi, Silvia (2004). Botticelli. Ediz. Inglese. Giunti Editore. ISBN9788809036772 – via Google Books.
8. ^ The Medieval World – Europe 1100–1350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany
9. ^ The proper noun in Italian is pronounced with the stress on the kickoff syllable /ˈmɛ .di.tʃi/ and not on the 2d vowel.How to say: Medici, BBC News Magazine Monitor—MED-uh-chee in American English.
10. ^ Strathern, p 18
11. ^ Kenneth Bartlett, The Italian Renaissance, Chapter 7, p. 37, Volume 2, 2005.
12. ^ "History of Florence". Aboutflorence.com. Retrieved 2015-01-26 .
13. ^ Crum, Roger J. Severing the Neck of Pride: Donatello's "Judith and Holofernes" and the Recollection of Albizzi Shame in Medicean Florence . Artibus et Historiae, Book 22, Edit 44, 2001. pp. 23–29.
14. ^ Padgett, John F.; Ansell, Christopher Grand. (May 1993). "Robust Activity and the Ascension of the Medici, 1400–1434" (PDF). The American Periodical of Sociology. 98 (half-dozen): 1259–1319. doi:ten.1086/230190. JSTOR 2781822. S2CID 56166159. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-03. . This has led to much more assay.
15. ^ Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906). The Florentine history written past Niccolò Machiavelli, Volume 1. p. 221. .
16. ^ Bradley, Richard (executive producer) (2003). The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance (Part I) (DVD). PBS Home Video.
17. ^ ^{a b} The Prince Niccolò Machiavelli. A Norton Critical Edition. Translated and edited past Rober M. Adams. New York. Due west.Due west. Norton and Visitor, 1977. p. viii (Historical Introduction).
18. ^ Ulwencreutz, Lars (2013). Ulwencreutz'southward The Royal Families in Europe V. ISBN9781304581358 . Retrieved 20 September 2018.
19. ^ 15th century Italy.
20. ^ Hibbard, pp. 177, 202, 162.
21. ^ Hibbert, Christopher (1974). The House of Medici: Its rising and autumn. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN0-688-00339-7. OCLC 5613740.
22. ^ Halvorson, Michael (2014). The Renaissance: All That Matters. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN9781444192964.
23. ^ Hibbert, The House of Medici: Its Rise and Autumn, 153.
24. ^ ^{a b} Hale, p. 150.
25. ^ Unhurt, p. 151.
26. ^ Austria and Spain were ruled by the Business firm of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the Habsburg domains in the time catamenia in question.
27. ^ Unhurt, p. 158.
28. ^ ^{a b} Hale, p. 160.
29. ^ Hale, p. 165.
30. ^ Strathen, p. 368.
31. ^ Unhurt, p. 187.
32. ^ Acton, p. 111.
33. ^ ^{a b} Acton, p. 192.
34. ^ Acton, p. 27.
35. ^ Acton, p. 38.
36. ^ ^{a b} Hale, p. 180.
37. ^ Hale, p. 181.
38. ^ Acton, p. 108.
39. ^ Acton, p. 112.
40. ^ Acton, p. 182.
41. ^ Acton, p. 243.
42. ^ Strathern, p. 392.
43. ^ Hale, p. 191.
44. ^ Acton, p. 175.
45. ^ Acton, p. 280.
46. ^ Acton, p. 188.
47. ^ Acton, p. 301.
48. ^ Acton, p. 304.
49. ^ "Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici – Electress Palatine". Retrieved 3 September 2009.
50. ^ Acton, p. 209.
51. ^ Acton, p. 310.
52. ^ Acton, p. 309.
53. ^ Florence Journal; Where the Bodies Are Buried, Mod-Solar day Medici Feud, Alan Feuer, New York Times, May four, 2004
54. ^ Hibbert, p. sixty.
55. ^ Howard Hibbard, Michelangelo (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), p. 21.
56. ^ Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan, Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel, SLOVO, Moscow, 2006. ISBN 5-85050-825-2
57. ^ Hibbard, p. 240.
58. ^ Official site of the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno of Florence, Brief History (information technology. leng.)"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-06-01 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as championship (link)
59. ^ Two more than sons: Arrigo (?-?), Giovanni (?-?)
60. ^ Three more sons: Talento (?-?), he had a son, Mario died in 1369, Mario had few unremarkable later generations; Jacopo (?-1340) who had a son, Averardo (fl. 1363); Francesco (?-?), who had a son, Malatesta died in 1367.
61. ^ 4 sons: Guccio (from which descended a line extinct in 1670 with Ottaviano), Filippo (?-?), Betto (fl. 1348), Ardinghello (fl. 1345).
62. ^ One more son: Giovanni (fl. 1383). Giovanni had a son, Antonio (?-1396) and a nephew, Felice (?-?).
63. ^ One son, Coppo, (?-?). Cfr. Mecatti, Giuseppe Maria; Muratori, Lodovico Antonio (1755). Storia cronologica della città di Firenze (in Italian). Vol. Parte prima. Naples: Stamperia Simoniana. p. 157. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
64. ^ Ii more brothers unknown.
65. ^ Two more than brothers: Andrea (*? †?), Bartolomeo (*? †?).
66. ^ Ane more brother: Pietro (*? †?), line extinct.
67. ^ One more brother: Giovanni (*? †?)
68. ^ 1 more son: Francesco (†1552?)
69. ^ One more than son Bernardo (†1592?)
70. ^ de Roover, Raymond (31 July 2017). The Medici Bank: Its Organization, Direction, Operations, and Decline. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. annotation one.
71. ^ Mackworth-Young, Rose (29 March 2012). "The Medici balls: Origins of the family'south coat of arms". The Florentine. Florence: B'Gruppo Srl (160). Retrieved 17 October 2017.
72. ^ Clare, Edward M. (1985). St. Nicholas: His Legends and Iconography. Florence: Leo S. Olschki. p. 76.
73. ^ Ruggiero, Rocky, Ph.D., Rebuilding The Renaissance, Episode 93 – Florence: The Medici Dynasty, Making Art and History Come to Life, October 28, 2020, an sound file

References [edit]

• Hibbert, Christopher (1975). The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall . Morrow. ISBN0-688-00339-7. a highly readable, non-scholarly full general history of the family unit
• Miles J. Unger, Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Trigger-happy Times of Lorenzo de Medici, (Simon and Schuster 2008) is a vividly colorful new biography of this true "renaissance man", the uncrowned ruler of Florence during its golden age
• Ferdinand Schevill, History of Florence: From the Founding of the City Through the Renaissance (Frederick Ungar, 1936) is the standard overall history of Florence
• Cecily Booth, Cosimo I, Duke of Florence, 1921, University Press
• Harold Acton, The Concluding Medici, Macmillan, London, 1980, ISBN 0-333-29315-0
• Paul Strathern, The Medici—Godfathers of the Renaissance (Pimlico, 2005) is an informative and lively account of the Medici family, their finesse and foibles—extremely readable, though with a few factual and typographical errors.
• Lauro Martines, April Blood—Florence and the Plot Against the Medici (Oxford University Press 2003) a detailed business relationship of the Pazzi Conspiracy, the players, the politics of the mean solar day, and the fallout of the assassination plot . Though authentic in historic details, Martines writes with a definite 'anti-Medici' tone.
• Accounting in Italia
• Herbert Millingchamp Vaughan, The Medici Popes. New York: K.P. Putnam's Sons, 1908.
• Jonathan Zophy, A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe, Dances over Burn and Water. 1996. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003.
• Villa Niccolini (Camugliano), Villa Niccolini, is 1 of the Medici'due south tuscany villa previously called Villa Medicea di Camugliano, Villa Niccolini is located east from Ponsacco, nearly a little feudal village, Camugliano.

Further reading [edit]

• Jean Lucas-Dubreton, Daily Life in Florence in the Fourth dimension of the Medici.

• Danny Chaplin, "The Medici: Rise of a Parvenu Dynasty, 1360–1537."

External links [edit]

• The Medici Archive Projection
• Prince Ottaviano de' Medici: Solving a 417-year-old murder mystery (May 4, 2004)
• The Moscow Florentine Society
• Medici Family Tree, featuring portraits and bios of central members of the Medici Dynasty, 1400–1737
• The Medici Family, History Channel. Retrieved 8 April 2016. The Medici Family
• The Medici Family unit of Florence

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici